Refugees and Social Integration in Winnipeg

Displaced people and Social Integration in Winnipeg This paper will look at displaced people and social reconciliation in Winnipeg and endeavor to respond to the inquiries presented in the schedule. The status of displaced people is critical in Winnipeg as the area of Manitoba concedes in excess of 1000 exiles for every year[1], most of who settle in Winnipeg. Outcasts show up in Winnipeg frequently with next to no and are frantic to have the option to incorporate effectively, anyway this can be hard to accomplish. These fresh debuts sway the city in that they are reliant on social administrations which thusly cost the administration cash. Furthermore because of absence of accessible assets upon appearance displaced people frequently need to live in high destitution areas[2], fixated on the midtown which prompts social issues that can be hard for exiles to live with. In these conditions causing important social associations with can be hard, frequently social contrasts make it trying for fresh debuts to make associations with the network, or neighbors. Neediness rates stay high for evacuees living in Winnipeg and after some time this has an adverse impact not just on the lives o f the exiles themselves yet of the network everywhere as high destitution regions become a weight on the social administrations and ordinarily have high paces of crime[3]. The quantity of outcasts looking for passage to Canada has been consistent expanding since 2000, this evidently in accordance with developing clashes across Africa and the Middle East. Around these locales the idea of contentions has been changing from countries battling each other to common clashes inside a country, which will in general continue for any longer than custom clashes. In nations, for example, Syria, Iraq and Somalia progressing common war and psychological oppressor rebellion has devastatingly affected the regular citizen populaces. Individuals are frequently focused for seen loyalties aside or the other and are aggrieved for it, the degree of demolition encompassing non military personnel populaces is high and accordingly numerous individuals become dislodged, individuals who thusly become exiles looking for shelter abroad. These individuals regularly need to leave their homes rapidly and with next to no as far as financial incentive because of a paranoid fear of thei r lives. Naturally these individuals search abroad for help where they may be liberated from the dread and mistreatment that they would endure in the event that they came back to their nations of origin. As the contentions in these areas proceed with an ever increasing number of individuals will look for a superior chance to live abroad, and Canada is an ideal goal. With the expansion in shelter searchers more individuals are looking for section to Canada under outcast status, this effects Winnipeg as progressively fresh debuts will be evacuees and not at all like landed outsiders these individuals frequently will require huge help with social reconciliation [4]among different things. The city of Winnipeg and what number of exiles we concede every year directly affects the individuals living in down and out conditions, be it in packed lodging on UN tent camps. Their way of life increments drastically having the option to live here, and in spite of beginning difficulties in getting a rranged the opportunity to live here is something looked for after by numerous individuals around the globe. The status of evacuees in Winnipeg as a matter of fact influences me practically nothing. Actually I can't state that I know any individual who is an outcast or even any companions that know one. Anyway in spite of not expressly being affected by displaced people I can consider the to be of the city all in all. While thoughtful towards the challenges these individuals have confronted I am additionally mindful of the weight that is set on social administrations and private people and establishments to help displaced people, bolster which ordinary workers would under most conditions not need. It is additionally acceptable to remember that Canada is running a deficiency and any expansion in social spending never really help with that. Individuals I know have likewise been affected as displaced people prevalently work in the administration and work areas and hold generally high work around 80%[5], this could be a factor into why individuals around my age experience issues discovering wor k at customarily passage level occupations, for example, retail, food industry and so on. With respect to how I sway the social incorporation of evacuees in the city I would need to state not in the least, as I don’t know any exiles and I am in no situation to affect their lives. Individual inclination aside to the extent a basic appraisal goes, I would start with saying that outcasts face unfathomable difficulties both in leaving their nations of origin and building up themselves in Canada. Displaced people showing up in Winnipeg frequently have almost no cash, and low possibilities of a decent paying activity and face trouble in managing the injury that they may have encountered because of war or abuse or some likeness thereof in their nation of origin[6]. Because of how outcasts are scattered across Canada fresh introductions frequently end up detached and without anybody of their own social foundation to connect with, I can envision how troublesome this may be, for example if there were to theoretically be a common war break out in Canada and myself and family had to migrate to some place like Nairobi or Istanbul I could perceive how troublesome it is fit into society. The equivalent can be said about evacuees from Africa and the Mid-East a large number o f whom don’t even communicate in English which is fundamental to living in Canada. Also once an exile shows up things frequently aren’t as incredible as they had been persuaded, on account of Winnipeg most displaced people as of late are from obvious minorities and regularly need to live in destitution stricken neighborhoods around the midtown center area[7]. I have discovered that once an evacuee has been effectively settled in Winnipeg most of help they had gotten leaves and considers the activity done. While I can perceive how it is expensive to keep up direct help for the entirety of the displaced person families let it out is evident that many battle with various issues after social administrations proceed onward to the following family. The hypothetical focal point which I have seen this in is the Liberal methodology, which likewise is by all accounts the strategy by which the West methodologies outcasts all in all. The most significant point being that there is an ethical basic to help these individuals the most ideal way we can with the copious assets available to us. This likewise plays into worldwide equity and how to Liberal west can help those that are abused by individuals who hold contradicting sees. Taking a gander at the status of displaced people in Winnipeg obviously Liberal disapproving of foundations have helped a large number of individuals, discover homes as well as business. While I can positively value the great done for organizations in Winnipeg obviously more must be finished. A considerable lot of the qualities which we hold here are not promptly obvious to displaced people who are thinking that its hard to oversee here and discover them falling into neediness. This is by all accounts a repetiti ve issue inside the displaced person populace in the city and it is disturbing that in spite of the quantities of those stuck in destitution they appear to have been to a great extent deserted by the administration which keeps on acquiring more outcasts without improving the states of those as of now here[8]. It follows to me at any rate that if those exiles here in Winnipeg can get to better instruction and occupations that they would have the option to contribute undeniably more to our general public that they are at the present. With higher wages they would have the option to manage the cost of their own homes, instead of be abused via proprietors that appreciate incredible situations over outcasts in their circumstances. With access to employments all the more befitting of their capabilities they would have the option to bear the cost of instruction for any kids they may have carried with them which thusly prompts a superior network in general since their youngsters would be far less inclined to get into wrongdoing or be enlisted into road groups, a main problem among youthful African male displaced people who consider it to be the main chance to better their position. Certain approaches I would likewise see as flawed, for example the financially savvy move to have moderate lodging situated in the most noticeably terrible pieces of the city. While this might be to a lesser degree a weight of the social administrations it does little to help the city of Winnipeg in the long haul. As these exiles are compelled to live in perilous neighborhoods where kids are routinely abused, this never really breathe out the worth were place on Liberty in the West. These families are compelled to live in confined, filthy condos where social cooperations with the network will in general be insignificant because of wrongdoing inside those zones. From my own encounters in managing individuals downtown I can envision a portion of the challenges an ongoing Syrian or African fore igner may confront in the event that they need to work late night as past a specific time most of individuals leave the midtown region and it can get risky to need to go by walking extremely late into the night. This returns to the issue of good business, working late night move work with the opportunity of being badgering or addressed after work doesn’t sound speaking to me. The absence of proceeded with help once a displaced person has gotten a new line of work is a disappointment, and help offices like Winnipeg collect among others are frequently stressed to help or are obscure to outcast families. Presently that isn’t to state that I accept we are committed to support outcasts, in any case in the event that Canada is to maintain the Liberal qualities which it declares, at that point we should deal with displaced people appropriately and with sufficient encouraging groups of people set up. From the articles and new reports I have investigated for this paper unmistak ably while displaced people are positively appreciative to everything Canada has given them, it essentially isn't sufficient once they are settled and families fall into destitution and all related issues. I can think about a few things that could help the circumstance of displaced people in the city, obviously making the best decision tends never to be time/savvy. Acknowledgment of displaced people training is a

Looking For Alibrandi Essay Example For Students

Searching For Alibrandi Essay I am the executive of the honor winning film Looking for Alibrandi. In this film I develop a primary character called Josie, an adolescent who is battling to discover her personality and her place throughout everyday life. I present the message that occasionally when things dont turn out the manner in which you need, they can really turnout better. By the utilization of subjects and issues, language and social class all through the film, I had the option to exhibit this announcement. Josie thinks adversely towards her dad Michael Andretti due to what he did to her mum. I dont care about him, I wouldnt care on the off chance that he was sitting in this live with us now. I utilized this statement to situate watchers to hold compassion toward Josie, taking on her assessment of Michael Andretti and furthermore observing him contrarily. As the story unfurls and the contention at school with Carly Bishop emerges, Josie understands that having a dad around isnt such a poorly conceived notion. Josie calls Michael Andretti and he goes to the school to spare Josie from being ousted. Josie through the contention with Carly Bishop starts to like her dad. In this scene I have effectively depicted that things may not turn out how you need them to, yet turn out better at long last. The setting of the school included for many clashes all through the novel. The line My most serious issue is being stuck at a school loaded with rich individuals is utilized for instance all through topics and issues, language and social class. By the utilization of Josie as the storyteller I had the option to utilize her to show my fundamental message. Subjects and issues are tended to in the film by the plot and the contentions. Searching for Alibrandi has numerous contentions, managing various topics and issues identifying with todays society. One of these contentions is independence, identifying with Josie as she is exceptionally individual in appearance and culture however is attempting to resemble every other person. Josies primary clash toward the beginning of the novel emerges at school, where she is thinking that its difficult to fit in, in light of the fact that she is viewed as a person. My most concerning issue is being stuck at school brimming with rich individuals. She considers this to be as an issue since she isnt like every other person and isnt related to high society. This at that point assists with situating the watcher to make compassion toward Josie and to then agree with what she is stating. Social class all through Looking for Alibrandi was viewed as one of the major and significant issues arranged in the film. I ordered Josie into white collar class, anyway Josie was unsettled and didnt like being in working class. In any case, however the utilization of plot, clashes and portrayal all through the novel, I had the option to convince watchers to accept that white collar class was the perfect class to be in. The development of Josie as the narratives storyteller made it simpler for me to uncover the feelings and battles that Josie experiences. My most serious issue is being stuck in a school commanded by rich individuals. Josie needs to be high society like the individuals who command her school causing compassion from the watchers. I have utilized social class as a significant issue in Looking for Alibrandi to make compassion and abhorrence towards characters social class and the characters themselves. All through the film I intended to depict white collar class as the class of decision and in progression have done as such and that both common laborers and high society are appeared in a negative way. In the film Looking for Alibrandi I have utilized language to impact the watchers reaction. The utilization of explicit language methods energizes our compassion or aversion towards individuals, spot and occasions in the novel. There are 4 sorts of language I utilized, social complement, white collar class, lower class and emotive to speak to explicit characters. .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 , .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 .postImageUrl , .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 , .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50:hover , .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50:visited , .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50:active { border:0!important; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50:active , .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u9 5971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u95971e0d9b47145d860832c495318b50:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Film Review - 35 and Ticking EssayJosie being the storyteller of the story gets compassion since her contemplations and battles are uncovered to the watcher. Josie is described as savvy, expressive and mindful. My most serious issue is being stuck at a school overwhelmed by rich individuals. By the utilization of this language strategy, I had the option to overstate and publicity the battles and issues that Josie needs to confront, seeing what she says as a more prominent issue. The utilization of language procedures, for example, social emphasize, white collar class, lower class and emotive can situate the peruser t o feel compassion or hostility to individuals, spots and occasion. I utilized the procedures of language to impact the watcher reaction. As the executive of Looking for Alibrandi, I had the option to effectively depict the primary message that occasionally when things dont turn out the manner in which you need, they can really turnout better. I did this by utilization of topics and issues, social class and the utilization of language. I needed the film to resemble the crowd was glancing through a window at Josies life, and I feel that I have effectively accomplished this objective.

Supplies to Stock Up On When You Quit Smoking

Supplies to Stock Up On When You Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print Supplies Needed When You Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on August 19, 2019 ideabug / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery The first several weeks of smoking cessation can be difficult. In addition to cessation aids, its important to have things you can do to distract yourself in mind ahead of time..before the urge to smoke hits. A little preparation goes a long way. Gather Your Quit Smoking Supplies Flavored toothpicksStraws or coffee stirrersHard candies to suck on. Butterscotch and  cinnamon drops are favorites.Sunflower seeds in the shell. Very messy,  but a great way to keep your hands and mouth busy.Water. Water is natures best quit aid. It beats back cravings to smoke, and by keeping yourself well hydrated, youll improve how you feel overall. Always carry a bottle of water with you in the car. There are several great reusable bottles available that will keep your water cold all day.Raw vegetables, fruits, and healthy dips for snacking. Keep containers of clean produce ready to eat in the refrigerator. Try freezing whole grapes and have small bags of them ready for snacking in the freezer.Cinnamon sticksHerbal teas. There are several calming teas on the market today. Taking 15 minutes to drink a cup of tea and honey will go a long way toward calming you and beating the urge to smoke at the same time.A plan with multiple strategies to bust cravings.A list of 101 things to do instead of smoking. Work on Your Resolve Pay attention to the running dialog going on in the background of your mind. We talk to ourselves all day long, and often our thoughts are negative and counterproductive. We tend to believe what we tell ourselves over and over, so give yourself positive cues. It may take some time, but you can change your thoughts and beliefs by training yourself to listen closely to the mental dialog within and correct faulty thinking as it comes along.

Jim Henson Essay example - 3116 Words

Jim Henson Jim Henson once said, â€Å"Follow your enthusiasm. It’s something I’ve always believed in. Find those parts of your life you enjoy the most. Do what you enjoy doing† (qtd. in Fionaurora). Jim did just that. He loved puppetry and made many others love it too. The creator and a performer of the Muppets, Henson is known worldwide for his creations, which include shows like Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, and characters such as Grover, Elmo, Big Bird, the Swedish Chef, Bert and Ernie, and Miss Piggy to name a few. Jim’s most famous character was Kermit the Frog. Kermit remains the Muppet with which Henson is most closely associated. Through television and feature films, Henson developed the art of puppetry to new heights†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"By listening to the radio and watching TV Jim had learned a lot about storytelling, comedy, and performing† (St. Pierre 23). Only three years after getting their television Ji m got his first chance at fame. He got word that a Washington D.C. station, WTOP-TV, was looking for a puppeteer for a Saturday morning children’s show. Although he had very little experience with puppets, he decided to audition. Jim and a friend made a couple of hand puppets and got the job. The show was called The Junior Good Morning Show. Jim was only seventeen years old when the show began. The show was cancelled after three weeks on the air (St. Pierre 22-29). After the show was cancelled, Jim began college. He attended the University of Maryland. He took studio art classes because he wanted to be a commercial artist. One of the classes he took was a puppetry class. The class taught Jim many skills that he used to create of his characters. He excelled in the class and began helping many classmates with their work (Andres). Jim was not deterred after The Junior Good Morning Show was canceled. He remained persistent and soon got a job at the local NBC affiliate, WRC-TV, on another Saturday morning children’s show. He worked hard and the owners of the station took notice. When he was just a freshman at the University of Maryland, he was offered his own show. The show was called Sam and Friends. Sam and FriendsShow MoreRelatedThe Character Of Sarah Develope From The Film Labyrinth ( Jim Henson )1702 Words   |  7 PagesSarah develope due to those surrounding her in the film labyrinth? â€Å"A complicated irregular network of passages or paths in which it is difficult to find one s way; a maze:† (Oxford Dictionaries:2017) In the 1986 fantasy/action film Labyrinth (Jim Henson:1986) The plot closely follows the story of the protagonist Sarah in this coming of age film. The story follows Sarah on her quest to find her younger brother Toby,   who has been kidnapped by the Goblin King, Jareth. Sarah is introduced to a varietyRead MoreJim Henson795 Words   |  4 PagesJames Maury Henson was born September 24, 1936, in Greenville, Mississippi, the second son of Paul Ransom and Elizabeth Marcella Henson. He grew up in nearby Leland, where his father, an agronomist, worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. His childhood was a happy one, as he explored both his artistic interests and the local countryside, whether alone or with friends. One of his childhood friends, Kermit, would later inspire the name of Hensons most celebrated creation. When he was in fifthRead MoreMy Life as a Furry Red Monster by Kevin Clash954 Words   |  4 Pagesbring life and energy to Elmo. Elmo was not even a main character on Sesame Street until Clash took over. In 2011, he also release Being Elmo: A Puppeteer’s Journey, which includes rare footage, and behind the scenes look at Sesame Street and the Jim Henson Workshop. However, in November 2012 his career came to a halt when he was accused of having sexually abusive relationships with underage boys. Sheldon Stephens was the first accuser and claimed they had a sexual relationship when he was 16 yearsRead MoreEdward Gordon Craig s Critique On Modern Theatre Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesfarthings† proving his point that puppets simply have a grace unattainable by man. Created to the utmost intended specification, these puppets have the ability to perfectly represent and recreate the performance for the role without fail. Although Jim Henson s muppets do in some regard fit Craig’s uber-marionette theory, they have more of an emphasis on the human element of performance. Unlike Craig’s uber-marionettes,the muppets are instruments, just tools for which man to use. The human controllingRead MoreA Monster Calls And Jim Henson s Labyrinth1128 Words   |  5 PagesPatrick Ness s A Monster Calls and Jim Henson s Labyrinth follows a protagonist and his/her struggle with a monster. In A Monster Calls Connor, the protagonist of the book, finds his monster to take the shape of cancer in his dying mother. In Labyrinth Sarah, the protagonist of the movie, has her monster take the shape of a goblin king. During the protagonists journey they learn to accept a truth about life. In A Monster Calls and Labyrinth, Ness and Henson use their protagonist to illustrateRead MoreLabyrinth Film Analysis734 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction- The Labyrinth a fantasy/ action movie made by Jim Henson and Dennis Lee. Directed by Jim Henson about a Girl named Sarah who goes on a journey through a maze to recover her brother from the Goblin King before it is too late. This movie was released 4 December in 1986 in Australia this movie is a great piece of work which shows the excellent cinematography in that year it was a great film as it showed the key elements to cinematography costumes, Props, Special Effects, Music and CameraRead MoreCollege For Inmates At The Tax Payers1651 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Ward Jr. (â€Å"Will†) Professor Jim Robison English Composition 1102 2 December 2014 College for Inmates at the Tax Payers Expense? The United States tax payer spends, on average, $60,000 per year per prisoner incarceration. Along with that, state and federal spending has grown 400% in the last 20 years and is among the fastest growing line items in state and federal budgets. As a result more tax payers are in inquiry about whether or not their money is providing the best public safety returnRead MoreThe Dark Crystal Film Analysis1233 Words   |  5 PagesMaking its debut 1982, The Dark Crystal, created and directed by puppeteers Jim Henson and Frank Oz, was a fantasy film that involved intricate puppeteers and animatronics. Aside from The Muppets and Sesame Street, which involves more comedic skits to relay their message to its viewers, The Dark Crystal was a different kind of muppet movie because it used fantasy, fiction and action to tell its story. With this change in Jim Henson’s usual way of story telling, the fantasy aspect of the movie becomesRead MoreHidden Figures Character Analysis1013 Word s   |  5 Pagesabout three confident, intelligent negro women who play a huge role in Nasa’s landing to the moon. Throughout the movie these three women are criticized often because of the colour of their skin. The lead role is played exceptionally by Taraji P. Henson who plays the role of Katherine Goble Johnson. Katherine was part of a group of ‘coloured computers’. This is the group for negro women mathematicians who help NASA explore space. Amongst the many women working in this group there is Katherine JohnsonRead MoreTomie Depaola s Stories.he 993 Words   |  4 Pageswhen SS launches Andy Sandy, his first-ever early-reader picture book series, with two volumes; a third installment followed in the Fall of 2016, and a fourth is scheduled for summer 2017. Jim Lewis(a friend and former producer and writer for Jim Henson Company with whom DePaola once worked on a TV project).Jim Lewis also help write the stories and illustrate by DePaola, the Andy Sandy books star two dissimilar best friends.†Andy and Sandy’s friendship reminds me of my own childhood,† dePaola says

Odysseus The Classic Greek Hero Essay example - 678 Words

An Epic Hero is a person who is a prominent figure in histories and legends. Epic heroes do not posses super powers, but rely on his or her own attributes to combat some sort of battle that a typical person could not accomplish. Such Epic Heroes are read about mostly in tall tales, myths, and legends, but they all own human traits that can relate to the average person. These human traits make it easy for people, such as the Greek people, to associate with the character. Inside Greek mythology qualities of braveness, determination, and decisiveness are prized. In Homers’ epic poem The Odyssey, Odysseus’ traits are perfectly aligned with the values of the Greek people. Odysseus’ qualities include bravery, his heroism comes from the†¦show more content†¦This shows that Odysseus is self sacrificing and is daring enough to risk all for his men, he would even risk his own dream of going back home just for his men. This also shows that Odysseus is remarkable at fending off the fiercest of competitors. Courage and bravery comes easy for Odysseus who uses it wisely to go back home using his determination. The determination of this hero is immensely great, through his journey home he faces fierce foe who test his willpower to go home. Time is a big factor in Odysseus’ journey, it takes 20 years for Odysseus to go back home. This shows that Odysseus is very hardworking and by the end of his trip is very experienced. This shows that Odysseus is not travel-weary and through his time trying to get home has not lost his resolve to go home. Likewise a determined hero such as Odysseus does not let his obstacles overcome him, instead he overcomes his obstacles. This shows that Odysseus keeps on fighting for what he truly wants. This shows that Odysseus is not phased by obstacles that an ordinary person would perish in. Twenty years is a long time to get back home, but Odysseus proves that it is possible to go home if you have determination and guile Decisiveness is a great quality that Greeks admire and all heroes contain, Odysseus is a prime example of how good and bad choices make your journey epic. As an example, while approaching the Sirens Odysseus made theShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Odysseus1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey is an epic poem written by Homer in Ancient Greek times and recently translated into English by Robert Fagles. The story is centered around a Greek hero, Odysseus. After a long fight in the Trojan War, Odysseus has to take a long, difficult journey home. This journey changes him in many ways, the most notable being his personality. Over the course of his trials, Odysseus transforms from the classic prideful and powerful Greek war hero, with little regard for morals, into a loyal, humbleRead MoreAnalysis Of Odysseus1716 Words   |  7 PagesKyle Hoffmann CPLT 2010 Paper 3 Odysseus from Hero to Villain One of the more famous characters of the ancient Greeks, Odysseus, has been written about for millennia. Homer composed an epic poem entirely about him. Dante wrote about Odysseus while describing his journey through the afterlife in Inferno. These two writers, though describing the same man, portray him in different lights – Homer lauding him as a valiant hero and Dante condemning him to burn for eternity. Each portrayal is a productRead MoreAnalysis Of O Brother And The Odyssey 1707 Words   |  7 PagesCulture Changing Classics As the world evolves, so does it’s cultures; furthermore, there are some exceptional parts of all cultures, such as literature, that manage to not become lost with the changes in the world, but these also become subject to the evolution of culture. A great example of a piece of culture that has managed to endure the test of time is Homer’s The Odyssey, and epic poem telling of Odysseus, a warrior and a king, and his long and trying journey back to his home country(FaglesRead MoreEssay on Gilgamesh and Odysseus996 Words   |  4 PagesGilgamesh and Odysseus were two heroes from two totally different time periods that were both in search of the meaning of life. The epics that the two characters are featured in Gilgamesh, was developed from early Mesopotamia and the Odyssey in early Greece. Gilgamesh was a very popular and it was very valuable to the historian of Mesopotamian culture because it reveals much about the religious world, such as their attitudes toward the g ods, how a hero was defined and regarded, views about deathRead MoreEssay about Women in Greek Stories: The Odyssey by Homer725 Words   |  3 Pageskeep to household in order. However, in Greek stories, women were given a major role and showed strength, wit, and cunning unusual to the stereotypical woman of the time. The Greek writers used women who possessed these traits to progress the plot and evoke the emotions famous in Greek drama and tragedies. In Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey† Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, plays a pivotal role in advancing the plot through her mental strength and wit. While Odysseus is away, Penelope is bombarded by suitorsRead MoreSimilarities Between Achilles And Odysseus1110 Words   |  5 PagesHeroics (A Comparison of Heroic Traits Displayed by Achilles and Odysseus in Homer’s, Iliad and Odyssey) Humanity has always strived for greatness, and is destined to continue this attempt till the world stops spinning. Through the art of storytelling, and literature, we have weaved images of what the ideal human should be. Countless works of literature depict such humans as â€Å"heroes†, due to the inspiration they stir within our imperfect souls. Truly epic heroes shape future stories, and remainRead MoreThe Sermon On The Mount1530 Words   |  7 Pagesunrealistic because they are not typically considered ones of blessing. The people in the Roman empire, where Jerusalem was located, and where Jesus taught, would have grown up with stories of the Greek and Trojan war. Their heroes were opposite in character of those that Jesus taught would be blessed. Achilles and Odysseus, who were considered blessed by the gods, could not line up with Jesus’ teachings. Among those in history who could have lined up with this teaching, Socrates might come close, but his lifeRead MoreO dysseus Is A Hero?950 Words   |  4 Pagesmost people, Odysseus is believed as a hero. A hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, achievements, and noble qualities. In one of Homer’s classic epics, The Odyssey, Odysseus is admired by many people as a man who has intelligence, nobility, and confidence. However, women who both loved and knew Odysseus than anyone, thought of him differently and knew him in depth. Through The Meadowlands and The Penelopiad, Circe and Penelope showed their strong opinions of this â€Å"hero† through theirRead MoreThe Role Of Changing Perception Of The Hero1137 Words   |  5 Pagesthe changing perception of the hero Who is a hero? How does the definition of a hero change over time? The Epic of Gilgamesh is perhaps the â€Å"longest and greatest literary composition written in cuneiform Akkadian† (Dalley 39) and told to an audience, while The Odyssey, and Oedipus the King came many centuries later. However, they all have a hero that represents the values of the society at the time. This paper is going to compare and contrast the ideal of the hero from ancient Mesopotamia in GilgameshRead MoreHero Comparison Essay: Odysseus vs Gandhi1619 Words   |  7 PagesHero Comparison Essay K A K 16/12/2011 A hero, a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability (Merriam-Webster). There are two types of heroes, epic heroes and modern heroes. Odysseus, one of the most famous epic heroes ever, will be compared to Mahatma Gandhi, a modern day hero, to see if there really is a large gap separating the two types. However, one thing is certain, modern heroes can be identical to epic heroes if they are larger than

Contrasting rich and poor in Hong Kong Free Essays

I have learnt many words by reading books. I have never enjoyed reading but if I find a book I like, I’ll read it. This is how I learn new words and hence, I have a better English education. We will write a custom essay sample on Contrasting rich and poor in Hong Kong or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ever since I was a toddler I have never enjoyed reading books apart from when I choose them. I always chose the books with with loads of words on a page with hardly any pictures. Therefore, it has become a habit in my simple life as I was sailing in the pool of words since I was 6 years old. The favorite play that captivated me the most is called â€Å"Educating Rita†. The play â€Å"Educating Rita† is written by Willy Russell. It is based on contrast as the main characters Rita and Frank have very different backgrounds. Frank is well educated (academic background) and he is a professor who teaches English in a university but Rita is a hair-dresser (working class background) who has not been well educated. Rita called herself a â€Å"freak† and â€Å"half caste†. She wants to be educated because she says â€Å"I wanna know†. She knows she is not ‘educated’ yet and dimly realizes what ‘education’ is. What Rita wants is to be out of her social class. For her, education is a means of achieving this and she is probably right. She instinctively knows she lacks something and thinks a university degree will fill the gaps in her life. Rita is eager to learn everything and she is energetic. It affects me as it reflects the sharp contrast between the condition of poor as well as middle class and rich people. The reason why I thought in this way is because that’s what I see every day in the streets and my feelings. In Hong Kong, poor people are living in a confined space. They are living in houses that are surrounded by tons of rubbish. Whenever I walk pass the area with this types of housing, I could always hear the â€Å"sizz†¦.sizz†¦sizz† sound, and I am not sure if it comes rats or other insects. It has a foul smell too, and yet, people are living in this kind of environment. In contrast to the poor, the rich and middle class people are living in houses and mansions where rooms are air conditioned; it is clean and is relatively comfortable. At night the poor housing area is overwhelmed by darkness, but I know there are people living on the side of road and of that area. We are staying in a cool area but they are suffering from heat from the sun. We sit on comfortable chair but they sit on the ground with germs. The contrast is a little uncomfortable for me. Thus, sometimes when I cannot sleep, I will start to wonder ‘what if I am one of them who live on the street? Will I survive?† People living in that area have no money. In addition, they have to fear and tolerate what might happen to them every day. Sometimes, I think the poor have more courage than I do. What could I do for them? Most of the time, I could only feel sad for them, and usually we will forget about them and live on with our own life. It is vitally important to me because their experiences instill a certain fear in me. I told myself I don’t aspire to be a very rich person, but I am really afraid to be poor. I don’t think any amount of money is ever enough to help the poor who live below the poverty line but every penny counts! We must also accept the fact that corruptions has add on more problems to this major issue, but we must always tell ourselves â€Å"Can rescue how many are how many†. This is, we must always save as many lives as we could because every life counts. The existence of poor and rich in the society is unavoidable, but the disparity and gap between them should be reduced as much as possible. The rich may have the right to spend as copiously as they like to live in comfort, but the poor should also have the right and means to keep the body and soul together. Embracing the poor, engaging the rich. How to cite Contrasting rich and poor in Hong Kong, Papers

Leadership Borsch and Accenture

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Borsch and Accenture. Answer: Case Study 1: Ruslan Kogan Ruslan Kogan is a founder and CEO of Kogan.com an ecommerce platform for electronic goods. Kogan has also been in the list of one of the founders of Milan Direct, and Australian and UK based furniture retailer. Also he has been surveyed as Australias one of the richest people under the age of 30. Kogan.com was the first online platform where the privately labeled TVs were sold (AnnahAvolio, 2010). From being an employee of companies like Borsch and Accenture, Ruslan Kogan emerged into the most influential and strongest people in technology and business. Effective leadership and innovation are the two aspects which has been the most powerful elements of Ruslan Kogan. The Ways Ruslan has Constructed as a Leader by Accounts Ruslan Kogan started his career by working in the IT department of Borsch, shifted to Generic Electric and the transformed as a management consultant in Accenture. The leader soon realized that working under the companies and organizations was not going to work for him and thus he quit his job and planned to start his own firm (Dalton et al, 2015). Soon he started his television retailing business online, named Kogan.com. Under the leadership of Ruslan, Kogan.com developed into the first online TV retailer store online which sold privately owned and branded televisions. The company ordered amazing consumer goods and items like electronic items, lifestyle, home, healthcare etc at very affordable prices. Kogan did revolutionize the way the Australians shopped. Since past few years, the list and range of products the company offered did increase from hundreds to thousands. Ruslan has been dignified and awarded with the youngest entrepreneur of the year in 2012, one of the top 50 influen tial people in tech, in the list of BRW young rich list people, fast starters, fast 100, top young CEO etc (Defazioet al, 2009). This has proved that Ruslan has emerged and developed as a significant and powerful leader who changed the direction of success for the company. This person has grown as a leader and has set an example for effective leadership. Ruslan proved that all the qualities and features which a leader must have are filled within him. The steps taken by Ruslan to run the company and gradually increase the products and offerings were quite successful and soon the company developed into a firm providing numerous and wide range of products (delSordoet al, 2012). Ruslan had the qualities like a positive approach towards situations, effective management of the teams, support towards the employees and teams, management of the entire process etc. These qualities have made Ruslan an effective and impactful leader having the power of leading an organization effectively and have set an example for the emerging leaders. How Ruslan Conceptualizes his Leadership Ruslan kogan enhances the features of his leadership by justifying several key points which are focus on the positive aspects of the business, develop a win-win situation for both the company and the customers and a constant support for the employees and the customers (Ferdig, 2007). As per Ruslan, leadership is not focused to provide power to any single person or entity; it is a huge responsibility which needs to be taken very seriously. It may be very tough to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization but a constant try and efforts would surely provide successful outcomes and results. Leadership for Ruslan is the identification of the points which are unseen and not considered by others. The leaders stand out due to the unique and different qualities and that is what makes a leader powerful and strong (Forbes, 2014). Also Ruslan believes that rather than running in the crowd with people, it is worthy to find the right direction and move ahead in that direction. The most important aspect is belief in oneself and the team members. If the leader s not confident enough, the team members too would be unsure and would lack confidence. Thus it is very important to believe in the people and trust them. Also building a trustworthy and reliable image is a most important quality of a leader. The team must have confidence in its leader and must develop a reliable and communicational relationship. This would make the communication and tasks easy for both. Thus as per the conceptualization of Ruslan, his leadership is trust and belief in the team members, standing out from the crowd and thinking out of the box while developing innovative strategies and methodologies (Foundation for Deep Ecology, 2012). How Ruslan Conceptualizes Success Through Leadership Ruslan believes that if the leadership is followed in a proper manner, then the results and outcomes are guaranteed. Success is no bar if the leader follows his/ her duty in a significant and impactful manner. Success and effective leadership goes hand in hand. If the company gets in the hands of wrong leader who does not know how to lead an organization or a team, the results would be completely adverse and negative (Garman et al, 2010). The organizational success is completely dependent on the leadership followed by the company. Ruslan believes that the organization led by the effective leaders which are significant and innovative would surely achieve success. Ruslan believes himself as an impactful leader and thus he has been able to drive the companys success. An effective leader knows where the company needs to improve and what the weak areas of the organization are and thus by focusing on these aspects, the leader can change the situation and performance of the company (Forbes, 2014). Recommendations: Ruslan has developed a large online market and has developed successful online market place for the electronic items and goods. Ruslan is a technological appraiser and loves to use technology in each and every part of his business. He can to consider the fact of using the virtual reality for enhancing the online shopping experience. Online shopping has been too common and is adopted by numerous companies and if Ruslan wants to stand out from the common applications, he must use the innovation and out of the box thinking as his leadership quality and must try something different for enhancing the shopping experience. Case Study 2 : Brian Hartzer The Ways Brian has Constructed as a Leader by Accounts Brian Hartzer is the CEO of an Australian based company called Westpac. This amazing person has emerged as the CEO of the company due to the immense skills and talent which he possesses. Brian has proven his significance and talent as a leader while serving as the impactful and effective CEO of the company. The CEO of the Westpac banking services also was the Managing director of Westpac and the Chief Executive of the Retail wealth at UK. The list of the designations and positions of his career is quite long and impressive (Mintzberg, 2009). From banking services to the consultancy firms, Brian has an experience of all kind of firms and has achieved high significance in terms of a leader and a chief executive. This list defines the efficiency and impact of Brian as a leader and his emerge from a basic employee to the CEO. It has been witnessed that after the entry of Brian, the companys profit ratios and management processes became more stable and sequenced. This was due to the effec tive management and leadership skills of Brian. Brian was included in the list of most influential people which has proved that Brian was born enriched with the leadership and management qualities with the bunch of experience he had in all the companies (Moscelliet al, 2015). How Brian Conceptualizes his Leadership Brian is a business executive who works as a CEO in Westpac Australia has a leadership qualities that conceptualize the leaders role and the role model of many people. With the Westpac CEO he has vowed to seemingly lift the efficiency of the company and then sharpen the focus of the bank towards the customers that unveil the management in the largest divisions. The leadership concepts that are adopted by the leader are focusing on the largest divisions of the company and the most attractive performance (Martin et al, 2016). Brian with his move made a considerable notice with the countrys largest lender as a stamp on the country, this was to fulfill the demand of the customers and the new bank that has a consumer division was a key job that was focused equivalently by Brian. The retail banking was much welcomed at this end which was the main brand of Westpac retailing. By having a social responsibility as the duty of a leader, Brian made some changes that led to the consumer banking division which conveniently led to the account for the group to the profit of the bank and even included the consumer that faced the arms of the retail banking which is Westpac, Bank of Melbourne and RAMS (Kouzes Posner, 2007). Brian has even promoted David as a product officer who has a responsibility to lead to the new division that was focused with the commercial and the other business banking sector which was utmost a priority growth market. Whereas, there are restructures that are led with the banks executives who are se nior in the bank. The leadership quality that allowed the team support led to the growth in the market and the team support created a success towards the consumer banking which was highly been appreciated by the company itself (Hamel, 2009). How Brian Conceptualizes Success Through Leadership With the success of the leadership approach that has been constructed by Brian, there are leadership qualities that matter in the restructure of the banking system and thinking about the focus that needs to be carried out with the ability to prove with accountability and the responsibility that encouraged the system and the organization. The banks ability was been increased by Brian which is the matter of concern when it comes to responding quickly to the needs of customers and the lift the executives who are accountable and need to deliver according to the pledge of the company which is again the main objective of Westpac (Goffee Jones, 2009). Brian has made an effort in the internalization and the banking sector, this has made an attempt to face the calls that the market reins while it should be designed to improve the standardization while remove the duplication of the rules and regulations that are fraudulent (Maxwell, 2007). The success of the leadership traits that has been observed is the accountability and the responsibility towards the society and the stakeholders at large. Leaders focus on the productivity and this aims at increasing the revenues by providing the input to the work culture. There are common goals that are brought by the leader which helps to accelerate the common process and allows the strengths of the brands which are efficient and gives a result to the organization. business banking has now been importance and Brian has identified the priority that makes a the most of the retail banking as a key priority. There are more opportunities, Brian thinks as such he states that with greater opportunity that can be applied to business side as well as consumer side (Montesinoset al, 2008). Case Study 3 :Cindy Hook The Ways Cindy has Constructed as a Leader by Accounts Cindy Hook is the first female Australian CEO from a big accounting firm and is now a forefront for change. She is a personality who started his top job in the year 2015, with the crucial and the top headlines in Australian news, her gender has become the most fascinating headline for others to learn from his qualities (Garman et al, 2010). She has leadership qualities that is been used effectively and for the next generation for leaders with females, she has given a lot of attention with her lead conversations that are momentum and are seamlessly a way too far bringing together the business credentials with the innovative approach and a fresh approach that matters in the business and finance. With the qualities of leadership she possess in her, she has been a great leader and a Boss in an Emerging event of leaders. With the career in the accounts, there has been an interest to know about and to hear about the journey of Cindy in the make dominant society. With the way Cindy Hook has been a leader in accounts is appreciated while this is relevant and convenient career which best suited her in the career path. As such the leaders describe their leadership traits with the conceptualization of leadership and their roles as a leader in the account field (Rao, 2006). How Cindy Conceptualizes his Leadership Accordingly the six tips that the leader has given to the world as an experience is been shared here to know and describe about the conceptualization of leadership. Know yourself is the main element that cannot be ignored while understanding the real importance that is been given (Parkin, 2010). It is equally important that knowing yourself and acting in the same way is an authentic leadership which is very critical to handle and it seems that no matter what, always it is necessary to act according to what seems to be right from mind. Cindy believes that people take time to while writing the values of the life and might even seem obvious when they actually act upon what has to be done. What is more important in life is to be reflected upon when its time to take some crucial decisions. This is the time when a person knows about self and accepts the career he wants to chose upon. This is the leadership quality that is adopted by Cindy and it mainly revolves with the vitality and the co mmitment of life long wellbeing. At this end, Cindy observes that the ability to lead a life is tied with our mental and physical well being which we build in ourself (Kouzes Posner, 2012). At the next level, the other quality states about working hard and delivering the results that prove to be positive and impact the whole system or the company (Schley, 2006). It is not merely the hours that are proven in the system or an organization, but it is the hard work that matters after a long working hour and the productivity that matters in most of the cases. Cindy has made her decisions when it comes to proving herself with the hard work she has done for self and for the society itself (Shriberg MacDonald, 2013). Consistent and the continous results that are proven are most amazing because in the accounts career what states is the main and the financial scope which is useful in every progression and even Cindy has made proven results with her career when it somes to acknowledging the years of work she performed to get the most top rated job as a CEO in Delloite. While delivering new roles, it is easy to be successful in the society because people notice the actions that are taken and the results that make a difference in the attitude and the career path. How Cindy Conceptualizes Success through Leadership The leadership quality of being loyal to the organization is an encouragement to the employees who find Cindy as a role model (Stacey, 2007). These days people do not work continuously in one organization, rather they keep on changing, so Cindy advices and says that career is an important step where a person should be faithful to the company and towards the job duties. When working as an auditor, Cindy has made a move in the year 2009 in San Francisco. Tenure was the most important leadership trait that has been observed by Cindy and the leadership qualities that refer from a research study was conducted by Harvard Busines Review. With this impact was to carry on the career path with loyalty and Cindy has an interestin career that states over the Deloitte company. With no progress in the company, a person may move on which means it is completely fine because no person would like to stick to the same place where he is not promoted. Change may lead to a different approach and this is seemingly an interesting way that can change the future of a person. Building a great team would be a leadership conceptualization that need to be observed and the support of team makes a relevancy that recommends the people about the leadership lessons that are valuable. The qualities of leadership proved that there are born leaders (Tourish, 2008). Recommendation The more effective the leaders are, the more successful the company can get. The leadership has many aspects and factors like effective team management, communication, strategy development etc which must be followed in the companies. It is highly recommended to follow these aspects for every team leader and strenghthen the leadership skills. Conclusion After analysing the perspective of leadership from the three biggest and sjgnificant leaders of Australia, it can be stated that leadership is a quality which can bring new heights of success to any organization. These people are leaders due to their unique and different qualities and the organizations can get a successful and stable base if they have impactful, trustworthy and highly influential leaders. References: Annah, S.T., Avolio, B.J. (2010). Ready or not: How do we accelerate the developmental readiness of leaders? Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 31, 1181-1187. Dalton J, Chambers D, Harden M,Street A, Parker G Eastwood A, (2015), Service user engagement and health service reconfiguration: a rapid evidence synthesis, Journal of Health Services and Delivery Research. Defazio, D., Lockett, A., Wright, D. M. (2009). Funding Incentives, Collaborative Dynamics and Scientific Productivity: Evidence from the EU Framework Pogram. Research Policy, 38, 293-305. delSordo, C., Orelli, R. L., Padovani, E., Gardini, S. (2012). Assessing Global Performance in Universities: An Application of Balanced Scorecard.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 4793-4797 Ferdig, M.A. (2007). Sustainability leadership: Co-creating a sustainable future. Journal of Change Management, 7(1), 25-35. Forbes, A. (2014). Fostering transformative global leadership: An undergraduate level approachInternational Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(2), 151-158. Foundation for Deep Ecology. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.deepecology.org/ Garman, A. N, Goebel, L., Gentry, D., Butler, P., Fine, D. (2010). Healthcare Leadership 'Outliers': An Analysis of Senior Administrators from the Top US Hospitals. Journal of Health Administration Education, 27(2), 87-97. Kouzes, J., Posner, B. (2012).The leadership challenge (5th edition). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Goffee, R., Jones, G. (2009).Clever: Leading Your Smartest, Most Creative People. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. Hamel, G. (2009). Moonshots for Management.Harvard Business Review, 87, 91-98. Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. (2007).The Leadership Challenge (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers Martin S,Street A, Han L, Hutton J, (2016), Have hospital readmissions increased in the face of reductions in length of stay, Journal of Evidence from England.Health Policy2016; 120(1):89-99. Moscelli, G., Siciliani, L., Gutacker, N., Cookson, R. (2015).Socioeconomic Inequality of Access to Healthcare: Does Patients' Choice Explain the Gradient? Evidence from the English NHS.University of York, Centre for Health Economics. Mintzberg, H. (2009b). Rebuilding Companies as Communities.Harvard Business Review, 87, 140-143. Montesinos, P., Carot, J. M., Martinez, J.-M., Mora, F. (2008). Third Mission Ranking for World Class Universities: Beyond Teaching and Research. Higher Education in Europe, 33. Maxwell, J. C. (2007). The 21 irrefutable laws of leadership: Follow them and people will follow you (10th anniversary ed.). Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. Rao, B. V. R. (2006). Quotes to inspire motivate (2nd ed.). Chennai, India: Sura College of Competition. Parkin, S. (2010).The positive deviant: Sustainability leadership in a perverse world. Washington DC: Earthscan. Schley, S. (2006). Sustainability: The inner and outer work. In P. Senge J. Laur S. Schley B. Shriberg, M., MacDonald, L. (2013). Sustainability leadership programs: Emerging goals, methods best practices. Journal of Sustainability Education, 5, 1-21. Stacey, R. (2007). Strategic management and organizational dynamics (5th edition).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Tourish, D. (2008). Challenging the Transformational Agenda: Leadership Theory in Transition? Management Communication Quarterly, 21, 522-528.

The United Kingdom and the European Union

The United Kiingdom is one of several European states which make up the European Union. The UK joined the European Union in 1973 for the purpose of strenghtening its economic and political relations with other European states. The UK sought to boost its trade links with other nations in continental Europe, through the liberalized common market. The UK was motivated to join the EU to export more manufactured goods to other European countries with fewer restrictions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United Kingdom and the European Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All EU member states are required to remove barriers on movement of goods, people and labor between their borders. UK’s association with the EU has helped the country benefit from strong economic ties with other nations in Europe. The country’s Industrial and financial sectors, have greatly benefited from strong relations the country has with other EU member states (Bannin 67). The UK government’s engagement with other EU member states has been mainly influenced by the benefits it gets from the common market. Political leaders in the country have been skeptical of treaties between member states, which allow for free migration of labor and adoption of the Euro as a single currency for all member states. The UK government refused to accept the Schengen agreement, which allows people to move freely across borders of EU member states with fewer restrictions. The UK government has also failed to agree with other states on various issues which are important to the future of the EU. The EU is currently facing a lot of economic challenges which have discouraged Britain from contributing funds to assist troubled member states. Several EU member states are experiencing severe economic problems caused by poor fiscal and financial policies (Gowland 87). EU member states have been forced to intorduce policies to help faltering member states revive their economies. The association between UK and the EU has several implications for both parties. The financial services sector in the country has linkages with other financial systems in Europe. There is an increase in the volume of financial transactions done between UK firms and those in other EU member states due to liberalized trade policies. The concept of free trade and open borders allows more British businessmen to take advantage of economic opportunities in other EU member countries (Burrell 59). This economic integration has made banking operations in the UK more intertwined with those in Germany, France, Italy and other European states.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, stock brokerage firms and banks in the UK are more susceptible to financial risks from other countries in Europe. For instance, the recent debt crisis which affected Greece, Portugal and Spain has had a negative impact on UK’s economy (Geddes 75). Some consumers in these countries have low incomes and this has caused a reduction in the volume of exports from UK to these countries. UK laws have been amended to comply with EU statutes which all member countries need to abide by. Some EU laws have been adopted as part of common laws observed in the country and they are enforced by all legal institutions. Some of the EU laws adopted in the country relate to human rights, free movement of labor and immigration. UK citizens are free to seek employment opportunities in other EU member states with fewer restrictions. Likewise, citizens of other EU member states are free to seek employment opportunities in the UK without any restrictions. Therefore, UK citizens have become more exposed to diverse cultures from other European states (Gowland , Turner and Wright 69). The EU has encouraged people from different countries in Europe to b uild positive relationships. The British political system is a constitutional monarchy which has been in existence for many centuries. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state and the government is headed by the Prime Minister. The UK government is democratically elected by citizens who choose various political representatives to represent them in government. The country is a multi party state. The Conservative Party and the Labor Party are the two strongest political parties in the country. The two parties have produced the largest number of Prime Ministers and members of parliament in the last century. However, on several occasions, they have formed coalitions with smaller political parties to increase their parliamentary majority after general elections. The leader of the party which wins a majority number of parliamentay seats after elections have been conducted automatically assumes the position of Prime Minister (Mc Annula 56). There are several devolved government authorities in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland which deal with issues affecting their citizens. These three territories have their own legislative assemblies which are semi-autonomous. The legislative assemblies in these territories operate under parliamentary acts passed in the House of Commons. The House of Commons, is the overall UK parliament where 620 representatives from their respective constituencies sit and legislate various laws which are enforced throughout the country. The House of Lords reviews acts passed by The House of Commons and wields the power to veto some decisions made by members of parliament , if its members feel they are not good for the country. The judiciary in the UK follows different sets of laws which are practiced and observed in different territories (Coe and Jones 89). English common law is mainly observed and practiced in England and Wales while Scottish law is a set of unique laws practiced in Scotland.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United Kingdom and the European Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More UK’s economy is mainly influenced by free market principles. Major sectors of the economy include agriculture, industrial and service sectors. The agricultural sector contributes less than 2 percent of the country’s GDP. However, it services more than 60 percent of local food demand in the country. Manufacturing industries contribute an estimated 22 percent of the country’s GDP. Automotive and aerospace components produced in the UK bring the country a lot of revenue every year. The service sector is the largest economic sector and accounts for more than 75 percent of UK’s GDP. The country’s financial system is one of the largest in the world; dominated by the London Stock Exchange, Bank of England and the London Metal Exchange. The country also benefits from high tourism revenues because it receives more than 20 million vi sitors every year (Giudice, Kuenzel and Springbett 112). These high tourist numbers are beneficial to the country’s economy. There are a lot of natural resources in the UK which are yet to be exploited fully. In the past, coal and iron ore were the most important minerals in the country because they were heavily utilized during the early years of the industrial revolution. Iron ore helps in the production of steel which is a crucial component in the manufacture of aerospace and vehicle parts (Giudice, Kuenzel and Springbett 116) . The UK ‘s economy faces various challenges because unemployment rates currently stand at an estimated 7 percent. Works Cited Burrell, Kathy. Polish Migration to the UK in the ‘New’ European Union: After 2004. Cornwall: TJ International, 2009. Print. Coe, Neil, and Andrew Jones. The Economic Geography of the UK. Thousand Oaks : Sage, 2010. Geddes, Andrew. Britain and the European Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Print. Giu dice, Gabriele, Robert Kuenzel, and Tom Springbett. UK Economy: The Crisis in Perspective. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gowland , David , Arthur Turner, and Alex Wright. Britain and European Integration since 1945: On the Sidelines. New York: Routledge, 2010. Print. Mannin, Michael L. British Government and Politics: Balancing Europeanization and Independence. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010. Print. McAnnula, Stuart. British Politics: A Critical Introduction. London: Continuum International Publishing, 2006. Print. This essay on The United Kingdom and the European Union was written and submitted by user BenUrich to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Defeat Of Napoleon In Russia Essays - Military, Napoleonic Wars

The Defeat Of Napoleon In Russia Essays - Military, Napoleonic Wars The Defeat of Napoleon in Russia The Campaign of 1812 should have been a another crusade for Napoleon, but he now faced 2 new policies that he had never faced before, the severe Russian winter and the notorious scorched-earth policy. On June 23, 1812 Napoleon's Grande Armee, over 500,000 men strong, poured over the Russian border. An equal amount of Russian forces awaited them. The result of the campaign was a surprise. Two authors, General carl von Clausewitz and Brett James, show similarities in reasons why Napoleon had lost this campaign to Russia. Napoleon believed that after a few quick victorious battles, he could convince Alexander to return to the Continental System. He also decided that if he occupied Moscow, the Russian government would crumple and ask for peace. " A single blow delivered at the heart of the Russian Empire, at Moscow the Great, at Moscow the Holy, will ineztly put this whole blind, apathetic mass at my mercy." pg 6, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia. This was his belief he expressed in March 1812. However, when Napoleon eventually took over Moscow, the Tsar still did not surrender. Napoleon, sent a message to the Tsar, demanding a immediate surrender. However, the Tsar could not surrender because if he did, he would be assassinated by the nobles. Clausewitz replies by saying, " Napoleon was unable to grasp the fact that Alexander would not, could not negotiate. The Tsar knew well that he would be disposed and assassinated if he tried so." pg 256, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia. General Clausewitz said, "Napoleon believed if he defeated the Russian Army and occupied Moscow, the Russian leadership will fall apart and the government would call for peace." pg 253, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also agreed that Napoleon's occupation had no result. " The occupation of Napoleon in Moscow did not have a effect on the government." pg 13, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia With his battle plan set, Napoleon prepared his troops for the attack on Russia. But, Napoleon did not consider the fierce Russian winter which awaited him. According to Ludwig Wilhelm Gottlob Schlosser, a onlooker, he described the army by saying, "The French, down to the lowliest drummer were very fastidious. These poor French devils were not satisfied with less than soup, meat and vegetables, roast, and salad for their midday meal, and there was no sign of their famous frugality. They were completely devoid of the coming winter." pg 13, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia Napoleon was even warned by General Rapp about the extremities of the oncoming winter in Russia. "The natives say we shall have a severe winter," Napoleon retorted scornfully, " Bah! You and your natives! We shall see how fine it is." pg 147, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia Napoleon should have heeded Rapp's words. As the Grand Armee marched toward Moscow, many horses and men were lost in the freezing snow, and for those who remained, their morale and effectiveness was at the nadir. General Clausewitz states his point by saying, " With more precaution and better regulations as to subsistence, with more careful consideration of his marches, which would have prevented the unnecessary and enormous accumulation of masses on one and the same road, he would have preserved his army in a more effective condition." pg 255, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also shared the same opinion, " Napoleon appeared to have made no effort to discover the facts in Russia, or prepare his troops for it." pg 140, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia. As Napoleon and his army was making their way to Moscow, they encountered typhus, colds, and dysentery. Even the mighty Napoleon had caught a mild case of the flu. However, his soldiers had received the brunt of the attack. Captain Thomas- Joesph Aubry relives this ordeal, " After this the typhus made appalling inroads in our ranks. We were fourty-three officers in our ward. All of them died, one after the other, and delirious from this dreadful disease, most of them singing, some in Latin, others in German, others again in Italian - and singing psalms, canticles, or the mass." pg 210,

Jet Blue Key Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jet Blue Key - Case Study Example Jet Blue Was the best ever funded airline n the aviation history of U.S.The aim was to bring humanity back to air travel. Also the airline aimed at having a paperless airline .the company focus was efficiency and service. The company thinks of them as advocates of their customers. David Neelman was the founder of Jet Blue Airlines. Neelman with his experience and new ideas gave jet blue a new look and setup a target market where they could bring back humanity to air travel jet blues top management team was a virtual team in many respects . The geographical dispersion of the top management team reflected the diverse lifestyles and preferences of Jet Blue's top management. They intended to take the best from all airlines and apply it to Jet Blue. Rhoades emphasized on defining values and making them comprehendible to the team at jet Blue. Rhoades believed values were that drove the other activities around in an organization. All was going well with the airlines but now Rhoades was thinking how they would sustain this level of performance where they ere looking to serve airline travelers low fares, but high quality service. The case summary stated above gives us a brief outlook but yet entails all aspects of the case being discussed. Jet Blue Airline is new in the airline industry; it has already had one successful year of operations. The management consists of the most reputable, and experienced individuals of the aviation industry. We observe high capitalization has been done for the project. The aim of the top management is to offer low fares to people yet give them the best flying experience (i.e. the best quality of service ) we would making a few recommendations with reference to the key issues identified above . In order for jet Blue Airlines to be able to develop a value based high commitment culture along with rapid growth it is vital for organization's management's to understand the meaning and importance of an organization's culture, how it affects the performance and productivity. As we are aware that by definition culture is a set of norms, beliefs, and expectations. In order for organizations to be successful they need to consider what are the factors that influence an organizations culture. The management at Jet Blue Airlines needs to consider also that the external environment which most importantly consists of the competitors effect the culture. Here we are looking at a high performance culture. in order to achieve this the employees at jet blue airline have to plan and conceive

Three part assingement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Three part assingement - Research Paper Example That notation provided by the program is often readily understandable among the management personnel, developers, and analysts. The main initial aim was to reduce the communication gaps that usually exist among various organizational departments or within enterprises. Moreover, it helps to ensure that Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents are designed for the execution by diverse business processes and such processes must remain visualized within the common notations. The diagrams that are developed through the BPMN programs are often assembled from sets of core elements; hence, making it easy for non-technical and technical observers to evaluate and understand the process involved in any given management process. These underlying core or primary elements are often categorized into three main groups known as the flow object, swimlanes, and connecting objects. The flow objects are geometric figures including rectangles, circles, and diamonds that usually denote specific event and activities (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). These elements in the flow objects are often interconnected with connecting objects that usually appear as dashes, solid, or dotted lines that sometimes include arrows that show process direction. On the hand, swimlanes are geometric signs that resemble lane lines that are found in the Olympic swimming pool bottom. They are often denoted as straight lines that usually run lengthwise in the rectangle marked or known as pool. The main function of the swimlanes is to organize the diverse flow of objects into categories of similar functionality (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Regardless of diverse properties of the Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), it main function aims at simplifying the understanding of numerous and varied business processes. Question 2 Challenges Numerous businesses often face series of challenges especially when undergoing any form of organizational change since the business process improvement for businesses is sometim es inefficient. Nearly all the management process change often experiences a push back that might emerge through forms and criteria including prioritizing the work (Halpin, Selmin, Soffer, and Proper, 2011). The prioritizing the work often emerges when there are multiple opportunities thereby making it difficult for the management to identify the most vital opportunity to undertake. Additionally, the business may experience the avoiding scope creep as a challenge during an organizational process change. This often occurs when the change team veers away from the main or initial focus of the change being initiated. The management may also experience the getting engaged challenge. This often occurs when BPI has sponsored processes that in actual sense does not exist (Halpin, Selmin, Soffer, and Proper, 2011). There are numerous challenges that are often experienced by organizations when they are initiating or rolling changes in the organization or in an organizational process; therefor e, the change team must determine and analyze the possible challenges towards effective change initiation and implementation. How Information Systems Support Business Process The circulation of information is quite vital for the operation and management of business processes. The computer based type of management information system often aims at reducing cost and increasing organizational information processing capabilities (Halpin, Selmin,

Bipolar Disorder: Roles of neurotransmitters and signal transduction

Bipolar Disorder: Roles of neurotransmitters and signal transduction This systematic review provides a critical insight into the biochemical aetiology of bipolar disorder. It presents an overview of the findings collected from various researches which investigate the abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems and signal transduction system. The results confirm hypothesises established in earlier theories of the causes of Bipolar disorder form pharmacological investigations. However these results are correlation, culmination of these variables and others such as environmental and genetics may influence the development of bipolar disorder. Aims, Evaluation, implications and limitations of these studies are included in this review. Bipolar disorder also known as manic depressive disorder can have a negative effect on an individuals mood, relationships, and everyday life. This disorder can affect the cognitive functions and is known to impair cognitive areas such as attention, executive functions, learning, memory and psychomotor speed. Bipolar usually develops in late teens or early adulthood but can sometimes develop early on in childhood. Symptoms usually build up later on in life. The disorder can lead to poor school performance, damaged social lives and jobs. . It affects both sexes equally in all age groups and approximately 3-5% of the general population are affected (Baldessanni, 2002). Bipolar disorder is the most rigorous forms of all mental illness and is characterized by swinging moods .The clinical course of illness can vary from a mild depression to a rigorous form of mania. The condition has a high rate of recurrence and can lead to suicide if left untreated (15% of patients) this is most likely t o occur during a depressive state. Bipolar disorder is a severely debilitating brain affective disorder which has had very little extensive research conducted on; in particular the biochemistry component of the disorder has had relatively few research studies compared to genetics. Due to its high rate of suicide and reoccurrence rate it is essential to develop effective treatment to prevent the two main problems of bipolar disorder (Shastry, Burker S, 2005). The manifestations of the symptoms are often mistaken for unipolar depression (31%) and therefore misdiagnosis of bipolar often occurs (Berk et al, 2006). Research into the neuropathological aspect paves the way for more future developments in viable treatments, which should be more tolerable for patients for this affective mood disorder, this could include improving existing drug treatments. Although Bipolar is one of the oldest known mental illness it was never classified; the symptoms were described and examined throughout history and sometimes the etiologies which were established were imprudent. Mania was seen as occurring from an excess of yellow bile, or a mixture of black and yellow bile. The theory of a link between mania and depression goes back to the 2nd century AD. Soranus of Ephedrus (98-177 AD) described mania and depression as diseases with different etiologies; however, he acknowledged that many others consider melancholia a form of the disease of mania. Depression was formally known as melancholia. In 1650, a scientist named Richard Burton determined the characteristics of depression in The Anatomy of Melancholia. His findings are still used today in the mental health field, and he is established as being the father of the study of depression.Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926), a German psychiatrist first termed the disease as manic depressive psychosis. He stud ied the disorder in untreated patients. In 1948, Dr. Cade a psychiatrist found out that Lithium Carbonate could be used as a successful treatment of manic depressive disorder. This was the first time a drug had been discovered that proved to be a successful treatment of this condition. The current term bipolar disorder replaced manic depressive disorder in 1980, and featured as diagnostic term in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-III).Most diagnosis of bipolar disorder are based on DSM IV (2000). Due to the complexity of brain function, the aetiology and pathophysiology of the disorder is not very well understood .The debate as to whether it is genetic factors or neurobiological factors which contribute to bipolar disorder is ongoing. Genetics have been known to play a major role in aetiology of bipolar disorder from early on, however many theories suggest neurotransmitter dysfunctions in depression, and therefore maybe the best explanation to finding the cause of Bipolar disorder would be to investigate a chemical basis of the disorder, as this review will examine. The pathophsysiolgy has recently been overtaking research on genetics of bipolar disorder. It would be essential to study the same neurotransmitters which have implicated in cause of depression and the areas affected by medications which alleviate symptoms of manic-depression (Ackenheil, 2001). Theories about neurotransmitter abnormalities in bipolar disorder have been created by experiments which have been created by experiments studying the effects of pharmacological treatments. Lithium was first used 40 years ago to treat bipolar disorder, studies on the effects of lithium, its target and mechanism of action on bipolar patients have indicated mostly monoamine neurotransmitter abnormalities are involved behind bipolar disorder however even though large amounts of research on neurotransmitter abnormalities have been conducted the aetiology of bipolar is far from completely understood. Many patient are unaffected by lithium, this shows that bipolar disorder may have more than one cause maybe this accounts for the various symptoms involved in this disorder. Many models focus on one neurotransmitter or neurotransmitter system as the case of bipolar disorder however these models cannot be sufficient enough to explain the array of symptoms. A valid general theory has to consider opposite effects of activity of neurons leading to the cycle of mood states, this could be a system involving the releases of transmitters, abnormality in cerebral activities or a regulatory protein involved in the interaction of various systems on levels of signal transduction. The debate above provides the basis for this review. To understand the neurochemistry of bipolar disorder the molecular and cellular systems have to be determined. This literature review is organized around the signal transduction pathways and central neurotransmitter systems and convergence of these areas to provide an insight into the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Neurotransmitters involved in this review are serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin. The neuroamine exert their action through postsynaptic receptors which are coupled to Guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins). This is the main part of the intracellular signalling mentioned in this review. Other systems which have also been studied are sodium and calcium transport, disturbances in these systems have been implicated in the physiology of bipolar disorder, although this topic is beyond the scope of this review and there is relatively little research compared to G coupled proteins and cyclic AMP system, Given this, and the authors own personal interests, it was decided to focus on G coupled proteins and cyclic AMP system and the other main pathway phosphoinositide. 3. Aims This literature review aims to provide a critical evaluation of the research investigating the structures and circuits involved in the aetiology of bipolar affective disorder. Initially neurotransmitters and signal transduction will be examined and outlined by introducing the most popular and widely-used theories associated with the development of bipolar disorder and explain by what is meant by bipolar. Following this a search protocol is included: an explanation of how the reviewed articles were sourced and analysed. After which will follow a comprehensive review of the studies found in the search about how each neurotransmitter and signal transduction affect bipolar disorder. Also the disagreements and contradictions in the literature will be discussed. The implications and limitations of these findings of the studies found will then be considered and topics for future research presented. 4. Bipolar Affective Disorder 4.1. Diagnostic Criteria There are two types of bipolar disorder; Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar II consist of symptoms which are not as severe or prolonged as Bipolar I. The criteria for bipolar disorder is complex and is separated into six criteria sets theses are: single manic episode, most recent episode hypomania, most recent episode depressed, most recent episode mixed, most recent episode depressed and most recent episode unspecified. The table below summarizes the main DSM-IV classification (4th edition) criteria for the diagnosis of bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Table 1 DSM-IV category Criteria Bipolar I Presence of one or more manic or mixed episodes, current or most recent episode: accompanied by one or more depressive episodes .Severe: with psychotic features In partial or full remission: With catatonic features With postpartum onset Current or most recent major depressive episode: significant distress occurs. Depressive state occurs more frequently then mania. Bipolar II No history of manic episode, not as severe as Bipolar I. Characterised by at least one hypomanic episode and depressive episode 4.2. Major depression Depression can distort an individuals way of thinking about themselves, their lives and of other people around them. Individuals who are diagnosed with depression tend to have higher negative views and fail to see the positive in any situation. Depression can also occur as anger. If episodes of low or depressed mood and a decrease in energy, activity, interest, or pleasure occur for two weeks the individual is diagnosed as major depressive ( DSM IV, 2000) 4.3. Mania Mania is the abnormal elevation of emotions, usually occurrence of irritable mood, inflated self esteem and may feature delusions or hallucinations (psychotic symptoms) when symptoms are less severe the patient is experiencing a hypomania episode. Mania can manifest itself in many forms. The DSM-IV splits the severity of mania symptoms into further subgroup for accurate diagnosis: Mild: symptoms barely meet criteria for an episode of mania. Moderate: There is a high increase in either activity level or impaired judgment. Severe without psychotic features: The patient requires continuous supervision to prevent physical harm to self or to others. Severe with psychotic features: The patient has delusions or hallucinations which may be mood-congruent or mood-incongruent. The table below summarises the symptoms of mania and depression Table 2 Mania Depression Need for sleep is decreased Increased talkativeness, pressure to keep talking, hyperactiveness Flight of ideas may be erratic- raving thoughts Incomprehensible speech Excess involvement in pleasurable activities e.g. impulsive sex- potential for painful consequence Having unrealistic beliefs in abilities Increasingly involved in goal relative activities, starting new projects Feeling constantly tired Having problems concentrating, remembering, and making decisions Lack of pleasure in activities Negative thoughts Being restless or irritable Changing eating, sleeping, or other habits (excess sleep usually occurs) Contemplating death or suicide, or attempting suicide. An individual with hypomanic episodes may have increased energy although the symptoms are not as severe as typical mania, the symptoms may come in episodes that last less than a week, do not require hospitalisation and will not be classified as full blown bipolar disorder I. A person having a hypo manic episode may feel they are on a high, be extremely productive, and function well. The individual may not perceive their behaviour as abnormal although these mood swings may be apparent to friends and family members. Without treatment, however, individuals with hypomania may develop severe mania or depression. 4.4. Definition issues Very few patients with bipolar alternate between episodes with pure mania or pure depression, many however have a variety of patterns and are regularly in a mixed state and rapid cycling between mania and depression occurs. Some experience months of depression followed by months of mania, some can swing states in a matter of hours (Berk et al 2005) this is usually defined as bipolar spectrum and can complicate diagnosis. There are unclear boundaries which can limit the selection of appropriate treatment. Accurate diagnosis on basis of clinical interviews may not be possible as many patients at the time of interview are in one phase. The psychotic symptoms reflect the persons extreme mood. For example, if a person is having a manic episode he/she may experience psychotic symptoms such as believing he or she is famous, has a lot of money, or has special powers which may make them invincible , this can be quite dangerous and can lead to death( Bauer, Michael et al, 2002). On the other h and, a person experiencing a depressive episode may believe he or she is ruined and penniless, or has committed a crime which in turn can lead to suicide. Due to these psychotic symptoms in individuals with bipolar disorder are sometimes wrongly diagnosed as having schizophrenia, another severe mental illness that is associated with hallucinations and delusions. People with bipolar disorder may also have other behavioural problems. Many turn to alcohol or substances, others tend to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or post traumatic stress disorder (Strakowski S.M. et al, 1998) so initially its not easy to recognize these problems as signs of a major mental illness. Individuals with Bipolar disorder sometimes go through states where they exhibit minimal symptoms however they still have the vulnerability for mood deregulation, this state is called euthymia (Strakowski et al.2004). There are no separate criteria for diagnosis of children although it has been stated that bipolar disorder in children is slightly different from bipolar in adults. 4.5. Treatment The treatment for Bipolar I Disorder is usually lifelong therapy with a mood-stabilizer this can be Lithium, Carbamazepine, or Divalproex / Valproic acid often in combination with an antipsychotic medication. Many of these medications are anticonvulsants except for lithium. Anticonvulsants medications help control moods although are usually used to control seizures. An antipsychotic medication and/or a benzodiazepine medication are often added to the mood-stabilizer in mania. In depression, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, or Lamotrigine is frequently taken with the mood-stabilizer. Alternations occur between medications, in depression, the mood-stabilizer is sometimes substituted for another mood-stabilizer, or in some cases two mood-stabilizers can be used together. Occasionally, antidepressant medication is used in depression. However as antidepressant medication can trigger mania, antidepressant medication is always taken in combination with a mood-stabilizer or antipsychotic medication t o prevent mania (Ackenheil, 2001). Research has shown that the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder is a combination of supportive psychotherapy, and the use of a mood-stabilizer and antipsychotic medication (Miklowitz D.J. 2006) 5. Monoaminergic Neurotransmitter systems 5.1. Serotonergic system Serotonin pathways originate in the raphe nuclei and project throughout the cerebral cortex. Serotonin is known to interact with the other neurotransmitters, it modulates different neuronal activities, Serotonin triggers sleep wake cycles, mood and emotional behaviour; deficiency can lead to migraines (Birkmeyer, W. and P. Riederer, 1989) this neurotransmitter increases the threshold for pain, reduces arousal functions, hyperactivity results in improved appetite, weight increase, an increased urge to sleep, lowered consciousness, slower thought processes, and lack of drive, most of which have been shown to be symptoms of depression in bipolar disorder. Serotonergic cell bodies originate mainly in the upper Pons and the midbrain-specifically, the median and Dorsal raphe nuclei, the Candal locus ceruleus, the Postrema area, and the inter peduncular area. These neurons project to the basal ganglia, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex. (Kaplan et al. 1994). 5.2. Noradrenergic system The Noradrenalin (NA) system originates in the locus coeruleus, lateral tegmental area in the brain stem and projects diffusely through axonal pathways to the cortex, amygdale and hippocampus, in the CNS it is involved in a wide range of neurological and psychological functions, which include cognition, attention, emotion, and memory formation (Robbins and Everitt 1995, Moore and Card 1984). Activation of NA neurons increases cellular responsiveness to sensory information as inhibition of the background activity of the target neurons occurs and also increases the selectivity of the responses to relevant stimuli (Foote et al 1983). NA is also involved in the fight or flight reaction. NA changes the efficiency of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in particular neurons although it is dependent on the subtypes of adrenergic receptor (AR) and secondary messengers (Dohlman Et al 1991). 5.3 Dopamingenic system There are eight major dopaminergic pathways in the brain. The three main pathways originate from the midbrain, they are as follow: Mesolimbic pathway-consists of a bundle of dopaminergic fibres which are associated with the reward circuit. This pathway develops from the ventral tegmental area and innervates various formations of the limbic system, which include the nucleus accumbens. The mesolimbic pathway is involved in memory and is important for motivating behaviours. Mesocortical pathway also originates in the ventral tegmental area, although also projects to the frontal cortex and surrounding areas. Dysfunction in this pathway might be the cause of some of the symptoms such as hallucinations and disordered thinking in bipolar disorder. Medications used to reduce psychotic delirium block this pathway, and also reduce the overall activity of the frontal lobes. Tuberoinfundibular pathway- is located in the hypothalamus and releases dopamine into the portal vessels thus regulating the functioning of the pituitary. These distributed pathways are responsible for behavioural areas such as impulsivity and attention, reward seeking, emotional processing, working memory, and other executive functions. The actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine are usually connected through G-protein-coupled receptor slow transmission, which in turn modulates fast neurotransmission in glutaminergic and GABA- ergic neurones. There are two types of dopamine receptors D1-type and D2-type. D1-type receptors (D1 and D5) are mostly coupled to Gas and then stimulate the production of the second messenger cyclic-AMP (cAMP), whereas D2-type receptors (D2, D3, and D4 included) are coupled to Gai à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ o and decrease the production of cAMP and related downstream pathway. The various types of dopamine receptors are diffused throughout different areas of the brain (Greengard P. 2001) 6. Signalling transduction 6.1. G- Coupled proteins and Cyclic AMP system G-proteins are an important component of the intracellular signalling pathway; they interlink receptors in the membrane to the different intracellular effecter molecules which in turn produces responses. G-proteins are made up of 3 sub units: an a subunit which binds and hydrolyzes guanosine triphosphate (GTP) these can be further divided into subunits of Gas, Ga, Gaq, Gao and b and g subunits which are firmly bound to one another. Various combinations of protein structures can be established out of these subunits thus creating a number of receptors for different or similar signal transduction systems. Small changes in the subunits of the G proteins can highly alter the order of events in signalling from receptors to the intracellular targets (Birnbaumer L, 1992, Spiegel et al., 1992) These G-protein coupled receptors stimulate or inhibit mainly two second messenger systems: cAMP and Phosphoinositol After receptor activation, G-proteins connect to various effectors (enzymes). This pathway involves coupling of G protein (inhibitory or stimulatory) sub units to enzymes for example adenyl cyclase (AC). Different forms of the enzyme AC catalyze to produce cAMP this is via adenosine triphosphate (ATP).cAMP controls cellular functions such as metabolism and gene transcription.As cAMP degrades quite quickly in the brain by phosphodiesterase binding of cAMP to another enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase (as protein kinase A) is used as an indirect measurement of cAMP. This enzyme is critical for connecting any short term changes in neurotransmitter signalling to long term neurobiological changes (Beavo J.A, 1974, Scott JD, 1991). 6.2. Phosphoinositide (PI) Pathway Another signalling path way involved in the coupling of neurotransmitter receptors is phosphoinositide , this pathway involves the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase (PLC) enzyme, and the G-protein subtypes Gq/G11, (Perez et al ,2000) Hydrolization of inositol-containing phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to two important second messengers: 1, 2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) is induced by the activation of the receptors which stimulate PLC (Smrcka et al 1991). Inositol monophosphate (IP) is made by conversion of IP3. IP is then again converted into inositol which is then available for resynthesis of PI. Lithium decreases the level of inositol in the brain, it blocks the conversion of IP to inositol by interfering with inositol monophosphate phosphatise conversion of IP to inositol. 7. Theories There have been a number of theories of depression and mania separately. The main neurotransmitter system implicated in the development of bipolar disorder is the serotonin system and is still the most widely studied system; however there is evidence suggesting that other neurotransmitter systems also play important roles (Barros et al. 2002). The biogenic amine theory of depression (Bunney and Davis 1965; Schildkraut 1965) is based upon a link between pharmacological alterations (medications taken by Bipolar patients) of monoamines and modulation of affective disorders. Decreasing amine neurotransmitters (noradrenalin (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the synaptic clefts) leads to an increased incidence of bipolar affective disorder. Another theory suggests that antidepressants alter the concentration of neurotrophic factors which are essential for neuronal survival (Duman et al, 1997; Duman, 2002). Although recently it has been suggested that instead of being a simple case of depletion in some crucial cerebral transmitter; concentrations depression may be the result of a disturbed balance between various regulatory systems, which may lead to transmitter over activity in some brain regions (Syvà ¤lahti 1994). Another hypothesis by Harro Oreland (1996) the neurobiological aetiology of depression may lie in the alteration of the noradrenergic innervations from the locus coeruleus, which, in turn, may lead to dysfunction of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Theories associated with the Multicomponent, cellular signalling pathways suggest that the interaction at various levels is important, which form complex signaling networks essentially allowing the cell to obtain, process, and respond to information (Bourne HR, Nicoll R,1993, Weng G et al, 1999). The cascades of signals are assisted by these networks in a matter of milliseconds, they are crucial for physiological processes as they can alter the strength and duration of outputs and feedback. Thus abnormalities in these pathways may have variety of affects in different neurological disorders (Bhalla U.S. 1999). Patients treated with antidepressants have increased activation of cAMP system in particular regions of the brain. This causes the high expression rate of the transcription factors that are involved in this system (cAMP response element binding protein- CREB) which leads to the increased expression of neutrophic factors in hippocampus and cerebral cortex neurons theses neurotrophic factors are essential for survival and functioning of certain neurons these studies have lead to the molecular and cellular theory of depression. 8.Method 8.1. Search protocol A breakdown of how the search was conducted is presented in Figure 1 below: Less detail Level of detail in search more detail Start Time of search finish Keywords Bp = Bipolar Disorder S= Serotonin D= Dopamine N= Neurotransmitter ST= Signal Transduction NA= neuroadrelaline GP= G proteins PI= Phosphoinositide cAMP= cAMP pathway 8.2. Selection method Articles were searched on several journal databases these included web of knowledge, Science Direct and Medline. Key words were chosen to assist with the search. Key words included: signal transduction, neurotransmitters, bipolar disorder, mania, serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin and depression. Articles were selected by at first by reading the abstract and deciding whether the article was directly answering or related to the review question. If this link was established, the article was considered as having passed the first stage of screening Once all databases had been searched for those articles that passed stage one screening, further analysis was carried out. Articles werent excluded on basis of country of origin or date of publishing. Many studies incorporated different factors for example 8.3. Articles excluded Certain articles which were found within the search protocol were not included in this literature review. There is a large amount of literature investigating the genetic links to neurotransmitter receptors and bipolar disorder that purely focused on this factor although articles that purely focused on this factor were not included in the review. 9. Findings Direct and indirect methods which have been used in the studies include: brain studies, CSF studies, platelet studies and psychopharmacological have all been included in this review as it is difficult, to measure the chemical and physiological activity within the brain in vivo. Peripheral lymphocytes share many common characteristics with neuronal cells thus considered suitable models for testing various hypothesises. Lymphocytes have various neurotransmitter receptors on their cell membrane 9.1.Neurotransmitter studies Noradrenergic system has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. In depressive states, noradrenergic system has under functioned these results from these studies are taken from indirect measurements of noradrenalin metabolism in body fluids. Measuring desmthylimipramine, the growth hormone secretion shows estimate activity of noradrenergic neurons in the brain (Laakmann et al 1990). Abnormalities in the level of noradrenalin in plasma of patients has been observed which support the hypothesis that this neurotransmitter is involved in the aetiology of bipolar disorder , in subjects with mania the concentrations of NA has been increased ( Manji, Lenox, 2000) also the metabolite of noradrenalin (-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol -MHPG) has been established to be higher concentration in the urinary and cerebrospinal fluid of mania state than in depressive state ( Goodwin et al, 1990, Bowden CC 1997, Schatzberg AF et al 1995, Manji et al 1997). These were all longitudinal studies and therefore had higher validity compared to studies only examining one state of mood in bipolar disorder. Higher values were also noted in unipolar depression compared to bipolar depression (Goodwin FR, Jamison KR 1990, Manji et al 2000). Lower noradrenalin output and altered sensitivity of a2 receptor activity have been discovered in depressive states this has been indicated by the lowered growth hormone response to clonindine leading to a decrease in noradrenalin activity compared to in maniac state where noradrenalin release is increased (Delgado, 2000; Manji Lenox, 2000). Increased levels of a2 receptors in the hypothalamus, amygdale, hippocampus and cerebellum have also been reported (Delgado 2000, Young et al 1994, Vawter M.P et al 2000,). Another group of studies on serotonin and serotonin metabolism have shown that a lower concentration of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was found in bipolar disorder patients, particularly in aggressive bipolar patients and those who have attempted or contemplated suicide but were raised in patients with mania (Manji Lenox, 2000, Traskman et al 1981, Swann et al 1983, Asberg et al, 1984). Smaller numbers of serotonin uptake sites were also found in post mortem brains of depressed individuals with bipolar disorder ( Leake et al, 1991) other drug studies on Tryptophan, an essential amino acid on which serotonin synthesis is dependent on have established that prescribing tryptophan to patients with depression may sometimes result in the reversal of the therapeutic effect of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor administration and depression may reoccur, this suggests that serotonin levels in brains of bipolar disorder patients may not be the only cause of this disorder. Extensive results from CSF experiments, serotonin receptor and re uptake site binding studies, pharmacologic studies have been achieved which support the theory that alterations of serotonergic neurotransmission in depressive states occur (Goodwin et al 1990, Maes et al 1995, Garlow et al 1999). In studies of CSF 5-HIAA in patients with bipolar disorder in mania episode has generally produced inconsistent and conflicting results (Goodwin 1990, Shiah et al 2000). Most studies found no difference in levels of CSF 5-HIAA levels between depressed state and manic state, two reported both manic and depressive states have lowered CSF 5-HIAA levels and one reported manic have significantly lowered levels of CSF 5-HIAA compared to control subjects. More research in this area needs to be conducted in order to achieve consistent results (Goodwin, 1990). Maes et al (1995) and Garlow et al (1999) researches found decreased concentration of radioligand binding to the serotonin transporter which is involved in taking up serotonin from the synaptic cleft. These results were found both in platelets and mid brain of depressed subjects. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies have also reported decreases in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5- HT)1A receptor binding potential in the raphe and hippocampus and amygdala of the brains of depressed patients, especially in patients with bipolar and in unipolar patients with history of bipolar in their family, indicating a genetic link ( Drevets, 1999) To produce a more direct measurement of serotonergic system function neurotransmitter depletion models are used in the case of bipolar disorder tryptophan depletion to lower serotonin levels is used. Serotonin synthesis is dependent on Tryptophan, an essential amino acid. Depletion of tryptophan is created by the Australia: Inflation, Balance of Payment and Monetary Policy Australia: Inflation, Balance of Payment and Monetary Policy What is the main measure of inflation movements in Australia and what does it represent? CPI refers to the Consumer Price Index and is used as the primary measure of inflation movements within Australia over time. CPI can be defined as a measure of how the prices of goods and services change over time. It is a measure of overall cost a typical consumer pays for the purchase of goods and services. A larger increase in CPI represents an inflationary trend in the economy and decrease in CPI shows deflationary situation. It also helps in comparing the inflation patterns with other countries of the world. CPI can be calculated using the following formula: Inflation refers to the persistent rise in the general price level in the economy. Rising inflation negatively affects the purchasing power of a typical consumer, therefore, a typical family has to spend more to maintain his existing standard of living. We can estimate the rate of inflation in the following way: Where: refers to Inflation rate in the current financial year. refers to CPI in the preceding financial year. refers to CPI in the current financial year. CPI is considered as a benchmark inflation guide for the Australian economy The balance of payment is a record of monetary transactions between Australia and the rest of the world- it is made up of two accounts. What are the names of the accounts and what do they measure? Balance of payment keeps track of inflow and outflow of money from the economy of a country. It consist of two main accounts:- Current Account Capital Account Current Account The current account measures trade flow in and out of the country. In other words, it represents country’s exports and imports. It consist of following three components. Trade in goods and services Net Foreign Income Current Tranfer/Foreign aid Trade in Goods and Services The most important component of the current accounts is the balance of trade showing the country’s imports and exports of goods and services. If exports are larger than imports, it is a balance of trade surplus and if exports are fewer than imports shows a balance of trade deficit. Net foreign Income If local companies or individuals of a country (let say Australia) purchase bonds and stocks in other countries, the money will come into the country in the form of interest and dividend payments and will add to the net foreign income. On the other hand, the money that leaves the country in the form of interest payments and dividends to foreign investors, royalties paid by the subsidiaries (located in Australia) to their overseas head offices decreases the total net foreign income. Current transfer / Foreign Aid Grants/ donation and workers (foreigners) send money to their home countries. Current Account Surplus and Deficit Current account surplus means that country is earning more than spending or in other incoming money (credits) exceeds outgoing money (debit). It means the country has more money to lend to other countries. Whereas, the current account deficit shows that the spendings of a country are higher than income/earnings. Capital Account It tracks the movements of funds for investment into and out of the country the capital account consist of four main components such as: Direct investment: Portfolio Investment Government Capital Official Reserve Direct investment: It refers to the foreign direct investment when the investor acquires ownership and control over these assets. Portfolio Investment It represents money that flows into and out of the country for the purchase of financial assets like stocks and bonds, whereas, the payment of the dividends and interest from these foreign investments will be the part of the current account and will not be counted towards capital account. Government Capital It refers to the Government borrowing from and repayments to overseas countries. Official Reserve The net foreign exchange transactions of central banks. Capital Account Surplus and Deficit The capital account surplus means more inflow of foreign capital into the country in the form of investments and the capital account deficit shows outflow of foreign capital from the country for investments compared to the domestic investment. A capital account surplus is usually being balanced by the current account deficit and vice versa. Together, these accounts constitute Balance of Payment (BOP), because of their offsetting nature the complete understanding of these two accounts is crucial for traders. How does the Reserve Bank of Australia, Institute monetary policy? Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) was constituted under the Reserve Bank Act 1959, and is responsible for preparation and carrying out of monetary policy. By definition monetary policy has been a process by which the monetary authority holds the provision of money, often targeting interest rates to achieve economic targets of low inflation and long term growth stability. Objectives of Monetary policy In setting monetary policy RBA is responsible to maintain the pursuit: Stability of Australian currency Full Employment Economic Prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia. In order to achieve above mentioned objectives, the Reserve Bank of Australia sets a targeted official cash rate (interbank overnight rate). The cash rate adjustments influence the other interest rate in the economy, expectations of community, exchange rate and ultimately involve the pace of rising prices (inflation rate). The appropriate target inflation rate agreed by RBA and Govt is at 2 to 3 percent on average over the cycle, as this rate will not materially affect the spending and investment patterns in the economy. As monetary policy is a means of influencing the economy by controlling the supply of money. By Act of Parliament RBA can manage the quantity of circulation of money through changing cash rate, buying and selling Govt securities and by making changes to statutory reserve deposits. The RBA usually meets once in every month, examine the health of the economic system as a whole and by reviewing the checklist of different economic indicators both domestic and international to decide on their monetary policy. Any decision/changes needed at the conclusion of the meeting, then communicated publicly. There are two types of monetary policies which are as follows: Expansionary monetary policy: It stimulates production and employment through an increase in the supply of money on credit in the market. The RBA can implement this policy by decreasing the cash rate or lowering reserve requirements in order to promote borrowing and spending in the economy. Small businesses often benefit with the execution of the expansionary monetary policy, but it has some drawbacks like decrease in value of currency, raise in inflation, output shortage, higher demands of wage etc. The objective of the RBA is to balance the available money to interest rate in order to ensure expansionary effect on the economic system. Contractionary Monetary policy: The primary aim of this type of policy is to draw out money out of the economic system to prevent the rising prices, decrease consumer spending and increase the value of currency. The activities through which RBA tightens monetary policy includes decreasing the official cash rate or by increasing the reserve requirements from other banks make it harder for consumers and investors to borrow money and persuade them not to drop more money. A monetary contraction further stabilize the prices of goods as inflation goes down. This policy slows down production because there is reduce demand for their products. An investor can also plan to cease planned expansion and this may cause unemployment in the future. What are the implications of rising or high inflation? In simple language inflation means an overall increase in prices of goods and services in the economy or decrease in the purchasing power of money over time. Inflation is caused by an increase in demand for commodities and services strongly outweighs the supply of commodities and services in the economy. Inflation rate can easily be calculated on monthly or yearly basis by applying the CPI. Inflation rate in Australia as reported by the Australian Bureau of Statistic is 2.9% in the first three months of 2014, up from 2.7 percent in the previous quarter but still it is below market forecasts. This cost increase was primarily due to seasonal increases in the cost of health care, school fees, transport and by large increases in tobacco duties. Impact of High Inflation on the Economy: High inflation is harmful to the economy as it moves in many ways such as: Distort Consumer Behavior: Consumer purchases their future required goods in advance because of the fear of price increase this can create a sudden shortage of goods in the market. Higher Wage Demands: Prices increase lead to higher wage demand as the fixed income earners require more money to keep their previous living standard. This process is called wage-price spiral. Greater Uncertainity: During inflation, rapid fluctuation in inflation rate can undermine business confidence. As it makes difficult for business organizations to accurately determine prices for their products and their returns from investment i.e. budgeting and investment valuation become difficult Firms may postpone their investment expansion because of lower consumer spending and this will adversely affect the economic growth in the economy. Savings Decrease: At high inflation times, people spend more money to keep their previous living standard therefore least amount they keep. As savings in the economy decrease less loanable funds are available for the firms to invest. Unemployment Rise: When the firms decide to curtail their current production or lay off their planned expansions they will not hire more workers this leads to lower job opportunities available in the economy. Damage to Export Competitiveness: Due to high inflation, the production cost of goods rise and their export will become less competitive in the international marketplace. This has an adverse result on the Balance of payments. Social Unrest: High inflation lead to a general feeling of discomfort for households as their purchasing power is falling and they have to postpone many of their desires. Hoarding in Economy Increase: Rapid increase in prices can sometime result in hoarding of basic commodities to gain more profit margins. What is the main economic indicator of growth in the economy? Economic indicator shows in which the direction of the economy is going. There are three primary types of economic Indicators i.e Leading, Coincident and Lagging indicators. In monitoring the economic growth and health, Govt, reserve bank (RBA) and other economist not only observe one indicator, simply stick with a large no domestic and of key economic indicators like inflation, GDP, inflation, Employment, wages, consumer an international d investment spending, interest rate, Balance of payment, Exchange rate etc. But the most comprehensive measure of economic performance is GDP (Gross Domestic Product). It is the best measure as it includes the output of all sectors and gives overall performance of the economy. It is likewise applied to evaluate the quality and success of Govt policy to attempt to attain the target economic growth. GDP by definition is the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country within a year. There are two methods normally applied to calculate GDP: Expenditure Approach Income Approach Expenditure Approach:- The total amounts spent on the goods a and services produced in a nation by households, firms, Govt and foreigners. Households consumptions (C) include all spending for the consumption of goods and services, business firms also consumes product in the form of investment (I) in capital goods. Capital goods means the tools and technology firms purchase to use in the production. Govt also consume products in the form of infrastructure goods (roads, bridges), services like education (public schools), health care (old age/poor persons medical coverage). Foreigners when purchase our nations goods (X) it increase GDP in the form of and when our other nation purchase other countries (M) products it decreases nations GDP. The formula to calculate GDP by expenditure Approach:- GDP = C + I + G + ( X – M ) Income Approach In an economy in different ways, such as rentals (Land), Wages depending on skilled /unskilled Capital income (Interest income from their savings at banks or other savings institutions) and in of profits from managing their own businesses (Enterpreurship). If we add all these types of incomes, we get the total of the nations income. The formula to calculate GDP by income approach is given below. GDP = Rentals (R) + Wages (W) + Interest (I) + Profits (P) For the economy as a whole total Income is equal to total expenditure because every dollar spend by a buyer is a dollar income for a seller. The limitations of using GDP as economic indicator:- GDP does not count for volunteer work which people do freely. People work freely in schools, hospitals etc.. GDP didnt include the effect of rebuilding after a natural disaster or war. Rebuilding increase the GDP. GDP does not consider the quality of goods. The consumer may go for cheap/low quality goods instead of expensive one this may lead to repetitive buying as of low quality aspect. More buying pattern affects the affect the GDP. Nevertheless despite of its few limitations economist uses GDP as to assess whether the purchasing ability of the nation increase / decline in the economy and also to quantify the relative growth, wealth and prosperity of different countries.